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{{redirect|Altan urag|the folk rock band|Altan Urag}} {{Royal house| |surname =Borzigin Боржигин |estate =Mongolia |coat of arms = |country =[[Mongolia]] |parent house = |titles =[[Khagan]], [[Khan (title)|Khan]] |founder =Bodonchar Munkhag |final ruler =[[Ligden Khan]] |current head =Unknown |founding year =ca. 900 AD |deposition =1635-20th century |nationality =[[Mongol]] |cadet branches =Before [[Genghis Khan]]: Khiyan, Tayichigud, Jurkhin; after [[Genghis Khan]]: [[Khiyad]]-Borzigin, Jochids, [[Khorchin]]-Borzigins, Girays, Sheybanids, Khoshut}} '''Borzigin''' (plural '''Borjigid'''; {{lang-mn|Боржигин}}, ''Borzigin''; {{lang-ru|Борджигин}}, ''Bordžigin''; {{zh|t=博爾濟吉特|s=博尔济吉特|p=Bó'ěrjìjítè}}), also known as the '''Altan urug''' ({{lang-mn|Алтан ураг}}, ''Altan urag'', '''Golden kin'''), were the imperial [[clan]] of [[Genghis Khan]] and his successors. The Mongolian Borzigin clan is the most renowned family in Inner Asia. The senior Borjigids provided ruling princes for [[Mongolia]] and [[Inner Mongolia]] until the 20th century.<ref name="Caroline Humphrey p.27">Caroline Humphrey, David Sneath-The end of Nomadism?, p.27</ref> The clan formed the ruling class among the [[Mongols]], [[Kazakhs]], and other peoples of [[Inner Asia]]. Today, the Borjigid are found throughout most of [[Mongolia]], parts of [[Inner Mongolia]] and [[Xinjiang]].<ref name="Caroline Humphrey p.27" /> Also there are many living in [[Kazakhstan]] as '''Tore''', "AkSuyek", or "White Bone". == Origin == {{See also|Family tree of Genghis Khan}} The patrilineage began with Blu-grey [[Wolf]] (Borte Chino) and Fallow [[deer|Doe]] (Gua Maral). As in [[the Secret History of the Mongols]], their 11th generation descendant Dobu Mergen's widow Alan Gua the Fair was impregnanted by a ray of light.<ref>The Secret History of the Mongols , Ch.1 $17</ref> Her youngest son became the ancestor of the later Borjigid.<ref>Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank - The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907-1368 , p.330</ref> He was Bodonchar Munkhag (the Simple), who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation.<ref>Kahn, Paul. ''The Secret History of the Mongols'', p. 10.</ref> According to [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], many of Mongolian old clans were founded by Borzigin members - [[Barulas]], Urud, [[Manghud]], [[Taichiut]], [[Chonos tribe|Chonos]], Kiyat etc. The first Khan of the Mongol was Bodonchar Munkhag's great-great-grandson [[Khaidu Khan]]. Khaidu's grandsons [[Khabul Khan]] and [[Ambaghai]] Khan (founder of the [[Taichiut]] clan) succeeded him. Thereafter, Qabul's sons, [[Qutula|Hotula]] Khan and [[Yesugei]], and great-grandson [[Temujin]] ([[Genghis Khan]]) ruled the [[Khamag Mongol]]. By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur formed the Borjigid. == Mongol Empire == {{See also|Appanage}} [[Image:Mongol dominions1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Mongol Empire]], ca. 1300. The gray area is the later [[Timurid empire]].]] The Borzigin family ruled over the [[Mongol Empire]] from the 13th to 14th century. The rise of Genghis (Chingis) narrowed the scope of the Borjigid-Kiyad clans sharply.<ref name="Mongol Empire p.45">C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.45</ref> This separation was emphasized by the intermarriage of Genghis's descendants with the [[Barulas]], Baarin, [[Manghud]] and other branches of the original Borjigid. In the western regions of the Empire, the Jurkin and perhaps other lineages near to Genghis's lineage used the clan name Kiyad but did not share in the privileges of the Genghisids. The Borjigit clan had once dominated large lands stretching from [[Korea]] to [[Turkey]] and from [[Indo China]] to [[Novgorod]]. In 1335, with the disintegration of the [[Ilkhanate]] in [[Iran]], the first of numerous non-Borjigid-Kiyad dynasties appeared. Established by marriage partners of Genghisids, these included the [[Chupanids|Suldus Chupanids]], [[Jalayirids]] in the [[Middle East]], the [[Timurids|Barulas dynasties]] in [[Chagatai Khanate]] and [[India]], the Manghud and [[Onggirat]] dynasties in the [[Golden Horde]] and [[Central Asia]], and the [[Oirats]] in western [[Mongolia]]. In 1368, under [[Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan|Toghun Temür]], the [[Yuan Dynasty]] was overthrown by the [[Ming Dynasty]] in China but members of the family continued to rule over [[Mongolia]] into the 17th century, known as the [[Northern Yuan Dynasty]]. Descendants of Genghis Khan's brothers, [[Hasar]] and [[Belgutei]], surrendered to the Ming in 1380's. By 1470 the Borzigin lines were severely weakened, and Mongolia was in almost chaos. == Post-Mongol Empire == [[File:Mongolia 1500 AD.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Tumens of Mongolia Proper and vassal states of the Mongol Empire by 1400]] After the breakup of the Golden Horde, the Khiyat continued to rule the [[Crimea]] and [[Kazan]] until the late 18th century. Another lineage of the Borzigin-Khiyat family ruled [[Kazakh Khanate]] and [[Moghulistan]] until 18th century. They were annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[China|Chinese]]. The Kazakh aristocracy traced back their lineage to Tuqa-Timur, a son of [[Jochi]]. In Mongolia, the Kublaids reigned as [[Khagan]] of the Mongols, however, descendants of [[Ogedei]] and [[Arikboke]] usurped the throne briefly. Under [[Batumongke Dayan Khan]] (1480–1517) a broad Borjigid revival reestablished Borjigid supremacy among the Mongols proper. His descendants proliferated to become a new ruling class. The Borzigin clan was the strongest of the 49 Mongol [[Banner (Inner Mongolia)|banners]]. The eastern [[Horchin]]s were under the Hasarids, and the Ongnigud, Abagha Mongols were under the Belguteids and [[Temuge Odchigen]]ids. A fragment of the Hasarids deported to Western Mongolia became the [[Khoshut]]s. The [[Qing Dynasty]] respected the Borzigin family and the early Emperors married the Hasarid Borjigids of the [[Horchin]]. Even among the pro-Qing Mongols, traces of the alternative tradition survived. Aci Lomi, a [[banner]] general, wrote his ''History of the Borjigid Clan'' from 1732-35.<ref>Peter C. Perdue-China marches west, p.487</ref> The 18th century and 19th century Qing nobility was adorned by the descendants of the early Mongol adherents including the Borzigin.<ref>Pamela Kyle Crossley-A Translucent Mirror, p.213</ref> ==Genghisids== {{main|Descent from Genghis Khan}} [[Image:Valikhanov.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Shokan Valikhanov]] (left) and [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]] (right). Valikhanov was a Genghisid of the [[Jochi]] lineage.]] [[Descent from Genghis Khan]] is traceable primarily in [[Central Asia]]. His four sons and other immediate descendants are famous by names and by deeds. Later Asian potentates attempted to claim such descent even with flimsy grounds. In the 14th century, valid sources (heavily dependent on [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] and other Persian or Arabic historians) all but dry up. With the recent popularity of [[genealogical DNA test]]ing, a wider circle of people started to claim descent from the great conqueror. Among the Asian dynasties descended from Genghis Khan were the [[Yuan Dynasty]] of [[China]], the [[Ilkhanid]]s of [[Persia]], the [[Jochids]] of the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Shaybanids]] of [[Siberia]], and the [[Khanate of Astrakhan|Astrakhanids]] of [[Central Asia]]. As a rule, the Genghisid descent was crucial in Tatar politics. For instance, [[Mamai]] had to exercise his authority through a succession of puppet khans but could not assume the title of [[Khan (title)|khan]] himself because he was not of the Genghisid lineage. The word "Chingisid" derives from the name of the [[Mongol]] conqueror [[Genghis Khan|Genghis (Chingis) Khan]] (c. 1162–1227 CE). Genghis and his successors created a vast empire stretching from the [[Sea of Japan]] to the [[Black Sea]]. * The ''Chingisid principle'',<ref>Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History (Chapter VIII) By Charles J. Halperin, Published by Indiana University Press, 1985 ISBN 0253204453, ISBN 9780253204455</ref> or golden lineage, was the rule of inheritance laid down in the ([[Yassa]]), the legal code attributed to Genghis Khan. * A ''Chingisid prince'' was one who could trace direct [[descent from Genghis Khan]] in the male line, and who could therefore claim high respect in the Mongol and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] world. * The ''Chingisid states'' were the successor states or [[Khanate]]s after the Mongol empire broke up following the death of the Genghis Khan's sons and their [[List of Mongol Khans|successors]]. * The term ''Chingisid people'' was used to describe the people of Genghis Khan's armies who came in contact with Europeans, primarily the [[Golden Horde]], led by [[Batu Khan]], a grandson of Genghis. These were predominantly [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] — [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] speaking people rather than Mongols. (Although the aristocracy was largely Mongol, Mongols were never more than a small minority in the armies and the lands they conquered.) Europeans often (incorrectly) called the people of the Golden Horde [[Tartars]]. [[Babur]] and [[Humayun]], founders of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]], asserted their authority as Chinggisids. Because they claimed it through their maternal lineage, they had never used the clan name - Borzigin. The last ruling monarch, [[Mohammed Alim Khan]] (d.1944), of Genghisid ancestry was overthrown by [[Red Army]] in 1920. == Yuan Dynasty family tree in Mongolia == [[Genghis Khan]] founded the [[Mongol Empire]] in 1206. His grandson, Kublai Khan founded the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in [[China]] in 1271. The dynasty was overthrown by the [[Ming Dynasty]] during the reign of [[Ukhaantu Khan, Emperor Huizong of Yuan|Toghaghan-Temür]] in 1368, but it survived in [[Mongolia]], known as the [[Northern Yuan Dynasty|Northern Yuan]]. Although the kingship was usurped by [[Esen Tayisi]] of the [[Oirats]] in 1453, he was overthrown in the next year. A recovery of the khaganate was achieved by Batumongke Dayan Khan, but the territory was segmented by his descendants. The last [[khaan]] [[Ligden Khan|Ligden]] died in 1634 and his son [[Ejei Khan|Ejei Khongghor]] submitted himself to [[Hong Taiji]] the next year, ending the Northern Yuan regime.<ref>Ann Heirman, Stephan Peter Bumbacher-The spread of Buddhism, p.395</ref> However, the Borzigin nobles continued to rule their subjects until the 20th century under the Qing.<ref>David Sneath-Changing Inner Mongolia: pastoral Mongolian society and the Chinese state, p.21</ref> [[Wada Sei]] did pioneer work on this field, and [[Honda Minobu]] and [[Okada Hidehiro]] modified it, utilizing newly discovered Persian (Timurid) records and Mongol chronicles. [[Image:Yuan genealogy.png|820px]] ==Modern relevance== [[File:Navaanneren.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Navaanneren]], Minister of the Interior, who along with the 23rd Tushiyetu Khan Dorjsurenkhoroljav (1908-1937) was the last of the Borzigin with the title of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] in Mongolia. He was executed during the [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|great purges]] of 1937.]] The Borzigin lost power when [[Communists]] took control. Aristocratic descent was something to be forgotten in the [[socialist]] period.<ref>Caroline Humphrey, David Sneath-The end of Nomadism?, p.28</ref> [[Joseph Stalin]]'s henchmen executed some 30,000 Mongols including Borzigin nobles in a series of campaigns against their culture and religion.<ref>Jack Weatherford-Genghis Khan, p.XV</ref> Clan association has lost its practical relevance in the 20th century, but is still considered a matter of honour and pride by many [[Mongolians]]. In 1920s the communist regime banned the use of clan names. When the ban was lifted again in 1997, most families had lost knowledge about their clan association. Because of that, a disproportionate number of families registered the most prestigious clan name Borzigin, many of them without historic justification.<ref> {{Citation | title = In Search of Sacred Names | newspaper = Mongolia Today | url = http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/5/names.html}} </ref> The label Borzigin is used as a measure of cultural supremacy.<ref>Carole Pegg-Mongolian music, dance, & oral narrative, p.22</ref> In [[Inner Mongolia]], the Borjigid or Kiyad name became the basis for many Chinese surnames.<ref name="Mongol Empire p.45" /> The Inner Mongolian Borzigin [[Taiji]]s took the surname Bao (from Borjigid) and in [[Ordos]] Qi (Qiyat). Recent [[genetic research]] has confirmed that as many as 16 million men from [[Manchuria]] to [[Afghanistan]] may have Borjigid-Kiyad ancestry.<ref>Genetic legacy of the Mongols, American journal of Human genetics 72. p. 717-721</ref> The Qiyat clan name is still found among the [[Kazakhs]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Karakalpaks]]. == List of Kiyad-Borzigin dynasties == *[[Mongol Empire]]: **[[Golden Horde]] ***[[Kazan Khanate]] ****[[Qasim Khanate]] ***[[Shaibanid]] ****[[Uzbek Khanate]] *****[[Kazakh Khanate]] *****[[Manghit Dynasty]] *****[[Khanate of Khiva]] *****[[Khanate of Bukhara]] ***[[Giray Dynasty]] ****[[Crimean Khanate]] ***[[Astrakhan Khanate]] **[[Chagatai Khanate]] **[[Yuan Dynasty]] ***[[Northern Yuan Dynasty]] **[[Ilkhanate]] == Prominent Kiyads or Borzigins == [[File:Das Mongolenreich unter den Erben Dschingis Khans.GIF|thumb|right|250px|The [[Mongol Empire]] and its client states, c. 1311.]] === Rulers of the [[Khamag Mongol]] (11th century-1206) === *[[Khaidu (ruler)|Khaidu]] *[[Khabul Khan]] *[[Yesugei]] === Emperors and rulers of the [[Mongol Empire]] (1206–1368)=== *[[Genghis Khan]] *[[Tolui]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] *[[Ögedei Khan]] *[[Güyük Khan]] *[[Möngke Khan]] ====Genghis Khan's brothers==== *[[Hasar]] *[[Belgutei]] *[[Temuge]] ====Rulers of the Khanates==== =====[[Yuan Dynasty]]===== *[[Kublai Khan]] *[[Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan|Temür Khan]] *[[Toghan Temur]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] =====[[Golden Horde]]===== *[[Jochi]] *[[Orda Khan]] *[[Batu Khan]] *[[Berke]] *[[Shiban]] *[[Toqta]] *[[Uzbeg Khan]] =====[[Ilkhanate]]===== *[[Hulegu]] *[[Abaqa]] *[[Ghazan]] =====[[Chagatai Khanate]]===== *[[Chagatai Khan]] *[[Kaidu]] *[[Duwa]] *[[Esen Buqa I]] *[[Kebek]] *[[Tarmashirin]] === Post-Mongol Empire [[Golden Horde]] (1360–1502)=== *[[Urus Khan]] *[[Toqtamish]] *[[Mamai]]<ref>According to H.H.Howorth, Mamai used the clan name Kiyad which is near to Genghisid lineage. However, he was not direct descendant of Genghis Khan, The History of the Mongols, part.II, D.II, p.190</ref> *[[Olug Moxammat]] === [[Crimean Khanate]] (1441–1783)=== *[[Mengli Giray]] === [[Kazan Khanate]] (1438–1552)=== *[[Olug Moxammat]] === [[Uzbek Khanate]]s (15th - mid 20th century)=== *[[Muhammad Shaybani]] *[[Abulghazi Bahadur]] *[[Mohammed Alim Khan]] === [[Kazakh Khanate]] (1456–1731)=== *[[Janybek Khan]] === [[Northern Yuan Dynasty]] (1368–1635) === *[[Öljei Temür Khan]] *[[Batumongke Dayan Khan]] *[[Ligden Khan]] ==== Ruler of the Tumed ==== *[[Altan Khan]] ==== Khalkha ==== *[[Zanabazar]] === [[Empress of the Qing Dynasty]] (1636–1717)=== *[[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]] *[[Empress Xiao Hui Zhang]] == Gallery == <gallery> Image:Genghis_Khan.jpg|[[Genghis Khan]] Image:CoronationOfOgodei1229.jpg|[[Ögedei Khan]] Image:TuluiWithQueenSorgaqtani.jpg|[[Tolui]] with his wife [[Sorghaghtani Beki]] Image:Mengli bayezid.jpg|[[Mengli Giray]] at the court of [[Bayezid II]] Image:Abylai_khan.jpg|[[Ablai Khan]] Image:Altan Khan.jpg|[[Altan Khan]] Image:Imperial Portrait of Empress Xiao Zhuang Wen.jpg|[[Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang]] </gallery> == See also == *[[Mongol Empire]] *[[Family tree of Genghis Khan]] *[[List of Mongol Khans]] *[[Tatar]] *[[Mongolian name]] *[[List of medieval Mongolian tribes and clans]] *[[Jüz]] *[[History of Mongolia]] *[[Khalkha]] *[[Turco-Mongol]] * [[List of family trees]] == References == *Wada Sei 和田清. ''Tōashi Kenkyū (Mōko Hen)'' 東亜史研究 (蒙古編). Tokyo, 1959. *Honda Minobu 本田實信. ''On the genealogy of the early Northern Yüan'', Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, XXX-314, 1958. *Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. ''Dayan Hagan no nendai'' ダヤン・ハガンの年代. Tōyō Gakuhō, Vol. 48, No. 3 pp. 1–26 and No. 4 pp. 40–61, 1965. *Okada Hidehiro 岡田英弘. ''Dayan Hagan no sensei'' ダヤン・ハガンの先世. Shigaku Zasshi. Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 1–38, 1966. ==Notes== {{commons category|Borzigin}} <references /> {{s-start}} {{s-royalhouse|House of Borzigin}} {{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Liao Dynasty]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[Mongolia]]|years=11th century–1635}} {{s-non|reason=Great Khan's seat in [[Chahar Mongols|Chahar]] was conquered by the [[Aisin Gioro]]}} |- {{s-new|rows=1|before=[[Khamag Mongol]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[Mongol Empire]]|years=1206–1368}} {{s-non|rows=3|reason=[[Northern Yuan Dynasty]] <small>''the Empire collapsed'''''</small>}} |- {{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Song Dynasty]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Yuan Dynasty|Ruling House]] of [[China]]|years=1271–1368}} |- {{s-ttl|title=[[Protector (title)|Protector]] of [[Tibet]]|years=1271-1368}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Khwārazm-Shāh dynasty]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Ilkhanate|Ruling House]] of [[Persian Empire]]|years=1247–1335}} {{s-aft|after=[[Jalayirids]] [[Chupanids|Chupanid Suldus]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=The Khanate established}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Dynasty|Ruling House]] of the [[Golden Horde]]|years=1236–1502}} {{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Girays|Kiyat Girays]] [[Tatars]]}} |- {{end}} {{Family trees}} {{Mongol Empire}} {{Mongol_Yastan}} [[Category:Mongolian nobility]] [[Category:Borzigin|+01]] [[Category:People of the Mongol Empire| *01]] [[Category:Mongol peoples]] [[Category:Mughal emperors]] [[Category:Yuan Dynasty emperors]] [[Category:Genghis Khan]] [[Category:Mongol Empire]] [[Category:Yuan Dynasty]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Mongolia]] [[Category:History of Mongolia]] [[Category:Kinship and descent]] [[Category:Dynasty genealogy]] [[Category:Royalty| ]] [[Category:Royal families| ]] [[az:Borucigin]] [[be-x-old:Барджыгіны]] [[cs:Bordžiginové]] [[es:Borzigin]] [[fa:بورجیگای]] [[fr:Bordjigin]] [[ko:보르지긴]] [[mn:Боржигин]] [[ja:ボルジギン氏]] [[no:Borzigin]] [[ru:Борджигин]] [[sv:Borziginerna]] [[tr:Börçigin]] [[uk:Борджигін]] [[zh:博爾濟吉特氏]]
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